Upward recharge through groundwater depression cone in piedmont plain of North China Plain

Whether a recharge was induced by groundwater depression cones is a crucial issue for water resource management. In the North China Plain, shallow groundwater had been over-pumped since 1970s and many groundwater depression cones formed. The groundwater depression cone, Daceying-Machang, occurred even in the piedmont plain. In the area, water levels of deep and shallow groundwater were observed since 2005 and field survey was conducted in the dry season 2010. The upward recharge induced by the depression cone is verified based on water level records, major ions, H-2, O-18 and kinds of statistical analyses. Since August 2006, the water level of the deep groundwater ascended by 1.9 mm/d. High correlations (r = 0.86, tau = 0.67) between the water level series of shallow and deep groundwater were found by two distinct correlation analyses only in the center of depression cone. Further, the reversion of hydraulic gradient of the depression cone occurred in dry seasons since September 2008. Hydro-geochemical features of the shallow groundwater are consistent with deep groundwater in the center of depression cone, which was demonstrated by the fuzzy C-means clustering based on principal components and paired t test, respectively. It is concluded that the deep groundwater recharged the shallow groundwater from the center of the depression cone. As a result, the groundwater mixture occurred that improves the quality of the shallow groundwater. Seasonally changed flow of shallow groundwater enhanced the mixture. The persistent overpumping of shallow groundwater and the large elevation difference (around 1200 m) between the recharge zone and the discharge point of deep groundwater facilitate the upward recharge. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.