Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of ZnO/DIW based nanofluids in small diameter compact channels: An experimental study

This experimental study is focused on heat transfer performance and pressure drop characteristics of ZnO/DIW-based nanofluids (NFs) in horizontal mini tubes of different (1.0-2.0 mm) diameters. Different mass concentrations (0.012-0.048 wt %) of nanoparticles (NPs) were tested with varying fluid flow rates (12-24 ml/min) of NFs. The thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of stable NFs were tested at 20-60 degrees C, at a fixed temperature (40 degrees C), and concentration of NPs (0.048 wt%) the maximum rise was 18.27% and 20.31%, respectively. The local and average heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and the pressure gradient were noticed to be directly proportional to volume flow rate of NFs and the mass concentration of NPs. However, an inverse trend was noticed with the test section's diameter. At 0.048 wt % of NPs and 24.0 ml/min flow rate of NFs, the maximum rise in local and average HTCs and pressure gradient was 17.11-11.61% and 13.05-9.79%, and 29.19-12.25%, respectively, in a tube's diameter of 1.0-2.0 mm. The friction factor increased with NP's loading while the same reduced with the fluid flow rate. The corresponding maximum change in the friction factor was 28.85-12.72% for the tubes with 1.0-2.0 mm diameters, respectively, at a 12.0 ml/min flow rate of NFs. The comparison of experimental findings for the HTCs, pressure gradients and friction factors with the standard Shah and Darcy's correlations showed that the observations are in good agreement with the predicted ones.