The biological characteristics of transcription factors AP-2α and AP-2γ and their importance in various types of cancers

The Activator Protein 2 (AP-2) transcription factor (TF) family is vital for the regulation of gene expression during early development as well as carcinogenesis process. The review focusses on the AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma proteins and their dualistic regulation of gene expression in the process of carcinogenesis. Both AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma influence a wide range of physiological or pathological processes by regulating different pathways and interacting with diverse molecules, i. e. other proteins, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) or miRNAs. This review summarizes the newest information about the biology of two, AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma, TFs in the carcinogenesis process. We emphasize that these two proteins could have either oncogenic or suppressive characteristics depending on the type of cancer tissue or their interaction with specific molecules. They have also been found to contribute to resistance and sensitivity to chemotherapy in oncological patients. A better understanding of molecular network of AP-2 factors and other molecules may clarify the atypical molecular mechanisms occurring during carcinogenesis, and may assist in the recognition of new diagnostic biomarkers.