LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the fungal pigment bikaverin in maize kernels as an indicator of ear rot

Bikaverin is a polyketide-derived pigment produced by multiple species of the fungus Fusarium, some of which can cause ear and kernel rot of maize. A method was developed for the analysis of bikaverin by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The quantitative nature of the LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated over a range of concentrations of bikaverin in maize. For spike-recovery experiments utilising maize spiked with bikaverin to a level 5 mu g g(-1) of maize, the measured recovery (%) was 70.6 +/- 10.4. Based on the utilised method, the limit of detection (based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >3) was better than 0.5 mu g g(-1) from bikaverin spiked into uncontaminated ground maize. Further, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 3 mu g g(-1) (based on S/N >10) from bikaverin spiked into ground maize. The method was applied to assess contamination of maize with bikaverin following inoculation of developing maize ears with Fusarium verticillioides under agricultural field conditions.