Cyclists' exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise in central city neighbourhoods of Montreal

It is well known that bicycling in urban areas has beneficial effects on people's health and well-being. On the other hand, urban cycling, especially during the morning and evening commute, may be associated with health and safety risks due to potentially high levels of exposure to air pollution, road noise, and high traffic density. Few studies have, however, measured cyclists' exposure to noise and air pollution simultaneously. The objective of this research is to evaluate cyclists' exposure to air pollution and noise in central city neighbourhoods of Montreal andto identify the impact on exposure of associated local factors such as weather conditions, the day and time, the type of road, bicycle path or lane used and the characteristics of the immediate environment around the cyclist's route. A total of 85 bicycle trips were analyzed, representing 422 km of travel and nearly 25 h of data collection. The mean exposure levels were 70.5 dB(A) for noise and 76 mu g/m(3) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A very weak negative correlation was found between the two measures of exposure (R-2 = -0.07, p = 0.005). The results of the spatial regression models show that the morning commute and trips on collector roads and on street bike lanes and shared bike lanes have significant and positive impacts on exposure to air pollution and noise. On the other hand, some factors are only significant for one or the other of the two types of exposure. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.