Yield and compositions of bark phenolic extractives from three commercially significant softwoods show intra- and inter-specific variation

Tree bark is rich in commercially valuable secondary metabolites such as polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins. The yield and composition of bark extractives from Abies alba varies longitudinally within the stem. A. alba bark above the crown had the greatest extractive content, but the concentration of polyphenolic compounds was greatest below the crown. Here, we use a nonlinear model describing how bark extractive yields of A. alba, Picea abies and Pseudotsuga menziesii change with height, where differences among species are accounted for using different model coefficients. For all species there is longitudinal variability in extract yield. For P. abies and P. menziesii, the form of that variation differs depending on whether the bark was located at the same position in the stem as branches. Although the relationship form of total extractive yield differs between branched and un-branched samples, the relationship forms for individual compound yields does not change depending on branch presence. Despite trees from thinned stands having longer crowns and faster growth rates, indicative of greater photosynthetic activity, there was no evidence that thinning had affected either the yield or composition of extractives in these species. In P. abies, the proportions of flavonoids was higher in bark from the top of the tree, whereas epi-gallocatechin gallate was found in high proportions at the stem base. In P. menziesii bark extracts, taxifolin was the dominant compound, present in significantly higher proportions in bark towards the base of the stem.