Age-related differences in phenotype and function of CD4+ T cells are due to a phenotypic shift from naive to memory effector CD4+ T cells

Based on the combined expression of CD27 and CD28, a putative model of T cell differentiation has been previously proposed. We used CD27 and CD28 expression in order to comparatively study the size, cytokine production capacity and proliferative response of CD4(+) T cell sub-populations from healthy young and elderly volunteers. Elderly persons had a lower percentage of CD27(+)CD28(+) but a higher percentage of CD27(-)CD28(+) and CD27(-)CD28(-)CD4(+) T cells than the young persons. CD27(-)CD28(-)CD4(+) T cells were present, although at relatively low numbers, in the vast majority of the healthy elderly donors but were only sporadically detected in young persons. Each CD4(+) T cell sub-population exhibited a distinct phenotype and cytokine production profile, which were not affected by age. When purified CD27(+)CD28(+) were stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin B, they proliferated to a greater extent than CD27(-)CD28(+) and CD27(-)CD28(-)CD4(+) T cells. However, we did not observe age-related differences in proliferative response of each sub-population. We concluded that although the size of the different sub-populations differed between the young and the old group, the functional characteristics of each sub-population were the same in both age groups. This suggests that on a per cell basis there is no functional impairment of CD4 memory T cells in elderly persons. Consequently, potential differences in the function of the total CD4(+) T cell population are most likely due to different composition of repertoire.