The pathophysiological foundations of temporal-lobe epilepsy:: studies in humans and animals

Introduction. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most frequent form of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy in human. Research using material from TLE patients undergoing surgery and animal models has significantly increased in the last decade. Development. We review recent findings obtained over the last years from electrophysiological and anatomical studies in human and animal models of TLE. Data suggest a large heterogeneity and inter-individual variability depending on the model and the system under study. However, a common principle that appears to underlie the epileptic condition is the reorganization of excitation and inhibition resulting in hype rexcitability. Recent research combining in vitro electrophysiology together with depth recordings in vivo and new analytical methodologies is also discussed. Conclusions. A multidisciplinary approach using both human and animal models can help to fill gaps in our knowledge and to provide unique insights into the pathophysiology of TLE.