Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-mediated killing of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulentKlebsiella pneumoniae(CR-hvKP) are impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus

Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulentKlebsiella pneumoniae(CR-hvKP) have been reported in recent years across Asian countries and pose a serious threat to public health. Neutrophils represent the first line of defense against numerous infectious pathogens, such as CR-hvKP. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitute one of the major antimicrobial defense mechanisms in neutrophils against invading pathogens, especially against hvKP. Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) display elevated levels of NETosis but are vulnerable to infections caused by hvKP. The discrepancy propels us to investigate the role of NETs in hvKP infections in the context of T2D. By utilizing a clinical-derived CR-hvKP strain and a combination of NETs complex detection, phagocytosis testing, NETs killing assay and immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscope assays, we identified defective NETs-mediated killing of CR-hvKP strain in patients with T2D. Specifically, we show that the impaired NETs-mediated killing in T2D is not due to the decreased NETs formation, as the neutrophils isolated from T2D patients exhibited enhanced NETs formation compared to healthy controls. Further, we demonstrate that the reduced NETs activity does not result from the trapping failure of CR-hvKP, but likely associated with the deficient surface damage conferred by the NETs of T2D patients. Our data provide a novel insight into the defective innate immune response against CR-hvKP in T2D.