Modulation of Galactic Protons in the Heliosphere During the Unusual Solar Minimum of 2006 to 2009

被引：138

作者：

Potgieter, M. S. ^{[1
]}

Vos, E. E. ^{[1
]}

Boezio, M. ^{[2
]}

De Simone, N. ^{[3
]}

Di Felice, V. ^{[3
]}

Formato, V. ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] North West Univ, Ctr Space Res, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa

[2] INFN, Sez Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy

[3] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy

来源：

SOLAR PHYSICS | 2014年 / 289卷 / 01期

基金：

新加坡国家研究基金会;

关键词：

Cosmic rays; Solar modulation; Solar minimum activity; Galactic protons; COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; DRIFT MODEL; NEUTRAL SHEET; WIND SPEED; ELECTRONS; TRANSPORT; ENERGIES; PAMELA;

D O I：

10.1007/s11207-013-0324-6

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

The last solar minimum activity period, and the consequent minimum modulation conditions for cosmic rays, was unusual. The highest levels of galactic protons were recorded at Earth in late 2009 in contrast to expectations. Proton spectra observed for 2006 to 2009 from the PAMELA cosmic ray detector on-board the Resurs-DK1 satellite are presented together with the solutions of a comprehensive numerical model for the solar modulation of cosmic rays. The model is used to determine what mechanisms were mainly responsible for the modulation of protons during this period, and why the observed spectrum for 2009 was the highest ever recorded. From mid-2006 until December 2009 we find that the spectra became significantly softer because increasingly more low energy protons had reached Earth. To simulate this effect, the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficients had to decrease significantly below similar to aEuro parts per thousand 3 GeV. The modulation minimum period of 2009 can thus be described as relatively more 'diffusion dominated' than previous solar minima. However, we illustrate that drifts still had played a significant role but that the observable modulation effects were not as well correlated with the waviness of the heliospheric current sheet as before. Protons still experienced global gradient and curvature drifts as the heliospheric magnetic field had decreased significantly until the end of 2009, in contrast to the moderate decreases observed during previous minimum periods. We conclude that all modulation processes contributed to the observed increases in the proton spectra for this period, exhibiting an intriguing interplay of these major mechanisms.

引用

页码：391 / 406

页数：16

共 45 条

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