Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Improve Growth and Enhance Tolerance of Broad Bean Plants under Saline Soil Conditions

Soil salinity is established as one of the major environmental problems, decreasing crop productivity worldwide, thereby threatening sustainable agriculture. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO(2)) for ameliorating soil salinity in broad bean, an important leguminous crop. As nTiO(2) is known to have pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties, the effects of three different nTiO(2) concentrations (001%, 002% and 003%) were compared with respect to plant growth and stress responses. The 001% nTiO(2) application significantly increased shoot length, leaf area and root dry weight of plants under normal conditions. These growth-promoting effects were simultaneous with increased levels of chlorophyll b, soluble sugars and proline and enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes. Under saline soil conditions, although proline level and enzymatic antioxidant activities were increased, plant growth significantly reduced. The 001% nTiO(2) supplementation significantly increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and levels of soluble sugars, amino acids and proline in salt-affected plants versus plants subjected to salinity alone. Thus, the increased antioxidant enzyme activities contributed to the observed reduction in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents, while enhanced levels of proline and other metabolites contributed to osmoprotection, collectively resulting in significant plant growth improvement under salinity. Furthermore, nTiO(2)-mediated positive effects were concentration dependent with 001% nTiO(2) being the most effective, whereas 002% showed an intermediate response and 003% was almost ineffective under both control and saline soil conditions. Our findings provide a foundation for nTiO(2) application in improving growth of plants cultivated on naturally contaminated saline soils. Copyright (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.