High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

被引:57
作者
Bouwman, Hindrik [1 ]
Kylin, Henrik [2 ,3 ]
Sereda, Barbara [4 ]
Bornman, Riana [5 ]
机构
[1] North West Univ, Sch Environm Sci & Dev, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
[2] Linkoping Univ, Dept Water & Environm Studies, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden
[3] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Fram Ctr, Tromso, Norway
[4] Plant Protect Res Inst, Agr Res Council, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa
[5] Univ Pretoria, Dept Urol, Pretoria, South Africa
基金
新加坡国家研究基金会; 瑞典研究理事会;
关键词
Breast milk; South Africa; Malaria control; Indoor residual spray; Maximum Residue Limit; Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PYRETHROID RESIDUES; LIMPOPO PROVINCE; MALARIA CONTROL; MATERNAL SERUM; DIETARY-INTAKE; AREA;
D O I
10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.009
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
We investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT-sprayed indoors. Mean Sigma DDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest Sigma DDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more Sigma DDT than first-born male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk - requiring further investigation. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:63 / 70
页数:8
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