Postconditioning for salvage of ischemic skeletal muscle from reperfusion injury: efficacy and mechanism

We tested our hypothesis that postischemic conditioning (PostC) is effective in salvage of ischemic skeletal muscle from reperfusion injury and the mechanism involves inhibition of opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In bilateral 8 x 13 cm pig latissimus dorsi muscle flaps subjected to 4 h ischemia, muscle infarction increased from 22 +/- 4 to 41 +/- 1% between 2 and 24 h reperfusion and remained unchanged at 48 ( 38 +/- 6%) and 72 ( 40 +/- 1%) h reperfusion ( P < 0.05; n = 4 pigs). PostC induced by four cycles of 30-s reperfusion/reocclusion at the onset of reperfusion after 4 h ischemia reduced muscle infarction from 44 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 2% at 48 h reperfusion. This infarct protective effect of PostC was mimicked by intravenous injection of the mPTP opening inhibitor cyclosporin A or NIM-811 ( 10 mg/kg) at 5 min before the end of 4 h ischemia and was abolished by intravenous injection of the mPTP opener atractyloside ( 10 mg/kg) at 5 min before PostC (P < 0.05; n = 4-5 pigs). PostC or intravenous cyclosporin A injection at 5 min before reperfusion caused a decrease in muscle myeloperoxidase activity and mitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration and an increase in muscle ATP content after 4 h ischemia and 2 h reperfusion compared with the time-matched controls. These effects of PostC were abolished by intravenous injection of atractyloside at 5 min before PostC (P < 0.05; n = 6 pigs). These observations support our hypothesis that PostC is effective in salvage of ischemic skeletal muscle from reperfusion injury and the mechanism involves inhibition of opening of the mPTP.