Enhanced dynamics of conformationally heterogeneous T7 bacteriophage lysozyme native state attenuates its stability and activity

Proteins are dynamic in nature and exist in a set of equilibrium conformations on various t i mescals motions. The flexibility of proteins governs various biological functions, and therefore elucidation of such functional dynamics is essential. In this context, we have studied the structure-dynamics-stability-activity relationship of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme/endolysin (T7L) native-state ensemble in the pH range of 6-8. Our studies established that T7L native state is conformationally heterogeneous, as several residues of its C-terminal half are present in two conformations (major and minor) in the slow exchange time scale of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Structural and dynamic studies suggested that the residues belonging to minor conformations do exhibit native-like structural and dynamic features. Furthermore, the NMR relaxation experiments unraveled that the native state is highly dynamic and the dynamic behavior is regulated by the pH, as the pH 6 conformation exhibited enhanced dynamics compared with pH 7 and 8. The stability measurements and cell-based activity studies on T7L indicated that the native protein at pH 6 is similar to 2 kcal less stable and is similar to 50% less active than those of pH 7 and 8. A comprehensive analysis of the T7L active site, unfolding initiation sites and the residues with altered dynamics outlined that the attenuation of stability and activity is a resultant of its enhanced dynamic properties, which, in turn, can be attributed to the protonation/deprotonation of its partially buried His residues. Our study on T7L structure-dynamics-activity paradigm could assist in engineering novel amidase-based endolysins with enhanced activity and stability over a broad pH range.