The effect of frailty on HAI response to influenza vaccine among community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years of age

The immune response to vaccine antigens is less robust in older adults because of changes in the aging immune system. Frailty, the multi-dimensional syndrome marked by losses in function and physiological reserve, is increasingly prevalent with advancing age. Frailty accelerates this immunosenescence but the consequence of frailty on immune response specific to influenza vaccine among older adults, is mixed. An observational, prospective study of 114 adults was conducted in the fall of 2013 to assess the association of physical frailty with immune response to standard dose influenza vaccine in community-dwelling adults >= 50 years of age. Participants were stratified by age (<65 years and >= 65 years), and vaccine strain (Influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B) was analyzed separately adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and baseline log(2) hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. Overall, immune responses were lower among those >= 65 years of age than those <65 years. Among those >= 65 years there were no significant differences between frail and non-frail individuals in seroprotection or seroconversion for any influenza strain. Frail individuals <65 years of age compared with non-frail individuals were more likely to be seroprotected and to seroconvert post vaccination. Linear regression models show the same pattern of significant differences between frail and non-frail for those <65 years but no significant differences between frailty groups for those >= 65 years. Additional research may elucidate the reasons for the differences observed between younger frail and non-frail adults.