Hemodynamics and brain blood flow during posture change in younger women and postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men

Edgell H, Robertson AD, Hughson RL. Hemodynamics and brain blood flow during posture change in younger women and postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men. J Appl Physiol 112: 1482-1493, 2012. First published February 23, 2012; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01204.2011.-Increased incidence of orthostatic hypotension and presyncopal symptoms in young women could be related to hormonal factors that might be isolated by comparing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to postural change in young and older men and women. Seven young women, 11 young men, 10 older women (>1 yr postmenopausal, no hormone therapy), and 9 older men participated in a supine-to-sit-to-stand test while measuring systemic hemodynamics, end-tidal P-CO2, and blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Women had a greater reduction in stroke volume index compared with age-matched men (change from supine to standing: young women: -22.9 +/- 1.6 ml/m(2); young men: -14.4 +/- 2.4 ml/m(2); older women: -17.4 +/- 3.3 ml/m(2); older men: -13.8 +/- 2.2 ml/m(2)). This was accompanied by offsetting changes in heart rate, particularly in young women, resulting in no age or sex differences in cardiac output index. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher in older subjects and increased with movement to upright postures. Younger men and women had higher forearm vascular resistance that increased progressively in the upright posture compared with older men and women. There was no difference between sexes or ages in total peripheral resistance index. Women had higher MCA velocity, but both sexes had reduced MCA velocity while upright, which was a function of reduced blood pressure at the MCA and a significant reduction in end-tidal P-CO2. The reductions in stroke volume index suggested impaired venous return in women, but augmented responses of heart rate and forearm vascular resistance protected MAP in younger women. Overall, these results showed significant sex and age-related differences, but compensatory mechanisms preserved MAP and MCA velocity in young women.