Systemic inflammatory response and local cytokine expression in porcine models of endocarditis

The knowledge of systemic inflammation and local cytokine expression in porcine endocarditis models is limited, though it could provide valuable information about the pathogenesis and comparability to human endocarditis. Analyses of bacteriology and hematology were performed on blood samples from pigs with non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE, n=11), Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE, n=2), animals with S. aureus sepsis without endocarditis (n=2) and controls (n=2). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the local expression of IL-1 and IL-8. Bacterial blood cultures were continuously positive in IE pigs from inoculation to euthanasia, and negative in all other pigs at all times. The total white blood cell counts and total neutrophil counts were massively elevated in pigs with IE. Local IL-1 and IL-8 expression in IE pigs were moderate to high, and high, respectively. In addition, slight local expression of IL-1 and IL-8 was present in some NBTE pigs. In the IE model, both the systemic inflammatory response and the high local expression of IL-8 were comparable to the human disease. Furthermore, the results indicate IL-1 and IL-8 as important contributors in the endocarditis pathogenesis.