New lipid family that forms inverted cubic phases in equilibrium with excess water: Molecular structure - Aqueous phase structure relationship for lipids with 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecyl and 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecanoyl chains

With a view to discovering a new family of lipids that form inverted cubic phases, the aqueous phase behavior of a series of lipids with isoprenoid-type hydrophobic chains has been examined over a temperature range from -40 to 65 degrees C by using optical microscopy, DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) techniques. The lipids examined are those with 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecyl and 5,9,13,1 7-tetramethyloctadecanoyl chains linked to a series of headgroups, that is, erythritol, pentaerythritol, xylose, and glucose. All of the lipid/water systems displayed a "water + liquid crystalline phase" two-phase coexistence state when sufficiently diluted. The aqueous phase structures of the most diluted liquid crystalline phases in equilibrium with excess water depend both on the lipid molecular structure and on the temperature. Given an isoprenoid chain, the preferred phase consistently follows a phase sequence of an H-II (an inverted hexagonal phase) to a Q(II) (an inverted bicontinuous cubic phase) to an L-alpha (a lamellar phase) as A* (cross-section area of the headgroup) increases. For a given lipid/water system, the phase sequence observed as the temperature increases is L-alpha to Q(II) to H-II. The present study allowed us to find four cubic phase-forming lipid species, PEOC18+4 [mono-O-(5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecyl)pentaerythritol], beta-XylOC(18+4) [1-O-(5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecyl)-beta-D-xylopyranoside]. EROCOC17+4 [1-O-(5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecanoyl)erythritol], and PEOCOC17+4 [mono-O-(5,9,13,17 - tetramethyloctadecanoyl) pentaerythritol]. The values of T-K (hydrated solid-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature) of the cubic phase-forming lipids are all below 0 degrees C. Quantitative analyses of the lipid molecular structure-aqueous phase structure relationship in terms of the experimentally evaluated "surfactant parameter" allow us to rationally select an optimum combination of hydrophilic/hydrophobic part of a lipid molecule that will form a desired phase in a desired temperature range.