Industrial properties of lignitic and lignocellulosic fly ashes from Turkish sources

Fly ash is an inorganic matter from combustion of the carbonaceous solid fuels. More than half the electricity in Turkey is produced from lignite-fired power plants. This energy production has resulted in the formation of more than 13 million tons of fly, ash waste annually The presence of carbon in fly ash inducing common faults include adding unwanted black color and adsorbing process or product materials such as water and chemicals. One of the reasons for not using fly ash directly is its carbon content. For some uses carbon must be lower than 3%. Fly ash has been used for partial replacement of cement, aggregate, or both for nearly, 70 years, and it is still used on a very limited scale in Turkey The heavy metal content of industrial wastewaters is an important source of environmental pollution. Each of the three major oxides (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) in fly ash can be ideal as a metal adsorbent.