Automatic detection of common surface defects on oranges using combined lighting transform and image ratio methods

Automatic detection of fruit peel defects by a computer vision system is difficult due to the challenges of acquiring images from the surface of spherical fruit and the visual similarity between the stem-ends and the true defects. In this study, oranges with wind scarring, thrips scarring, scale infestation, dehiscent fruit, anthracnose, copper burn, canker spot and normal surface were researched. A lighting transform method based on a low pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency D-0 = 7 was first developed to convert the non-uniform intensity distribution on spherical oranges into a uniform intensity distribution over the whole fruit surface. However, the stem-ends were easily confused with defective areas. In order to solve this problem, different color components (R, G and B) and their combinations were analyzed. It was found that a ratio method and Rand G component combination coupled with a big area and elongated region removal algorithm (BER) could be used to differentiate stem-ends from defects effectively. Finally, a processing and classification algorithm based on a simple thresholding method was proposed. The result with 98.9% overall detection rate for the 720 independent sample images indicated that the proposed algorithm was effective in differentiation of normal and defective oranges. The method, however, could not discriminate between different types of defects. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.