Exponential Modeling of Frequency-Following Responses in American Neonates and Adults

Background: The scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR) has been widely accepted in assessing the brain's processing of speech stimuli for people who speak tonal and nontonal languages. Characteristics of scalp-recorded FFRs with increasing number of sweeps have been delineated through the use of an exponential curve-fitting model in Chinese adults; however, characteristics of speech processing for people who speak a nontonal language remain unclear. Purpose: This study had two specific aims. The first was to examine the characteristics of speech processing in neonates and adults who speak a nontonal language, to evaluate the goodness of fit of an exponential model on neonatal and adult FFRs, and to determine the differences, if any, between the two groups of participants. The second aim was to assess effective recording parameters for American neonates and adults. Research Design: This investigation employed a prospective between-subject study design. Study Sample: A total of 12 American neonates (1-3 days old) and 12 American adults (24.1 +/- 2.5 yr old) were recruited. Each neonate passed an automated hearing screening at birth and all adult participants had normal hearing and were native English speakers. Data Collection and Analysis: The English vowel /i/ with a rising pitch contour (117-166 Hz) was used to elicit the FFR. A total of 8,000 accepted sweeps were recorded from each participant. Three objective indices (Frequency Error, Tracking Accuracy, and Pitch Strength) were computed to estimate the frequency-tracking acuity and neural phase-locking magnitude when progressively more sweeps were included in the averaged waveform. For each objective index, the FFR trends were fit to an exponential curve-fitting model that included estimates of asymptotic amplitude, noise amplitude, and a time constant. Results: Significant differences were observed between groups for Frequency Error, Tracking Accuracy, and Pitch Strength of the FFR trends. The adult participants had significantly smaller Frequency Error (p < 0.001), better Tracking Accuracy (p = 0.001), and larger Pitch Strength (p = 0.003) values than the neonate participants. The adult participants also demonstrated a faster rate of improvement (i.e., a smaller time constant) in all three objective indices compared to the neonate participants. The smaller time constants observed in adults indicate that a larger number of sweeps will be needed to adequately assess the FFR for neonates. Furthermore, the exponential curve-fitting model provided a good fit to the FFR trends with increasing number of sweeps for American neonates (mean r(2) = 0.89) and adults (mean r(2) = 0.96). Conclusions: Significant differences were noted between the neonatal and adult participants for Frequency Error, Tracking Accuracy, and Pitch Strength. These differences have important clinical implications in determining when to stop a recording and the number of sweeps needed to adequately assess the frequency-encoding acuity and neural phase-locking magnitude in neonates and adults. These findings lay an important foundation for establishing a normative database for American neonates and adults, and may prove to be useful in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms for neonates and adults who speak a nontonal language.