New molecular insights into osteosarcoma targeted therapy

Purpose of reviewRecent translational studies in osteosarcoma are discussed with the purpose to shed light on the new molecular therapeutic targets.Recent findingsThe genetic aberrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mammalian target of rapamycin, Wnt signaling pathway, the inactivation of p53, Rb, WWOX genes, and amplification of APEX1, c-myc, RECQL4, RPL8, MDM2, VEGFA might be involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. The promising therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma patients include: integrin, ezrin, statin, NOTCH/HES1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), m-calpain, and Src, which are involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis; aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate, sulfotransferase family 3A, member 1, BCL2-associated athanogene 3, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), B-cell lymphoma 2-interacting mediator (BIM), polo-like kinase 1, hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit, minibrain-related kinase, Bcl-xl, caspase-3, midkine, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and Beclin1, which are involved in tumor proliferation and apoptosis; met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R, fms-related tyrosine kinase 4, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide, IGF-I/II, and c-kit, which are involved in tumor growth; endosialin, VEGF, thrombin, and MMPs, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis; transforming growth factor-/, parathyroid hormone-like hormone, interleukin-6, interleukin-11, receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1, and cathepsin, which are involved in osteoclast function; Myc, HSP90, p-Met, p-Akt, p-STAT3, and cyclin D1, which are transcriptional factors; p-GP, hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 10, HMGB1, BIM, inorganic phosphate, Bcl-2, PARP, mdm2, p21, Bax, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, which are involved in drug sensitivity. Furthermore, microRNAs such as miR-215 are also therapeutic targets.SummaryThese translational studies in osteosarcoma have identified new molecular targets for osteosarcoma.