Post-fire carbon dynamics in the tropical peat swamp forests of Brunei reveal long-term elevated CH4flux

Tropical peatlands hold about 15%-19% of the global peat carbon (C) pool of which 77% is stored in the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, these PSFs have been drained, exploited for timber and land for agriculture, leading to frequent fires in the region. The physico-chemical characteristics of peat, as well as the hydrology of PSFs are affected after a fire, during which the ecosystem can act as a C source for decades, as C emissions to the atmosphere exceed photosynthesis. In this work, we studied the longer-term impact of fires on C cycling in tropical PSFs, hence we quantified the magnitude and patterns of C loss (CO2, CH(4)and dissolved organic carbon) and soil-water quality characteristics in an intact and a degraded burnt PSF in Brunei Darussalam affected by seven fires over the last 40 years. We used natural tracers such as(14)C to investigate the age and sources of C contributing to ecosystem respiration (R-eco) and CH4, while we continuously monitored soil temperature and water table (WT) level from June 2017 to January 2019. Our results showed a major difference in the physico-chemical parameters, which in turn affected C dynamics, especially CH4. Methane effluxes were higher in fire-affected areas (7.8 +/- 2.2 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1)) compared to the intact PSF (4.0 +/- 2.0 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1)) due to prolonged higher WT and more optimal methanogenesis conditions. On the other hand, we did not find significant differences inR(eco)between burnt (432 +/- 83 mg CO2 m(-2) hr(-1)) and intact PSF (359 +/- 76 mg CO2 m(-2) hr(-1)). Radiocarbon analysis showed overall no significant difference between intact and burnt PSF with a modern signature for both CO(2)and CH(4)fluxes implying a microbial preference for the more labile C fraction in the peat matrix.