Geometry, kinematics and tectonic models of the Kazakhstan Orocline, Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the largest accretionary orogens on Earth and is characterized by the occurrence of tight oroclines (Kazakhstan and Tuva-Mongolian oroclines). The origin of these large-scale orogenic curvatures is not quite understood, but is fundamentally important for understanding crustal growth and tectonic evolution of the CAOB. Here we provide an outline of available geological and paleomagnetic data around the Kazakhstan Orocline, with an aim of clarifying the geometry, kinematics and geodynamic origin of the orocline. The Kazakhstan Orocline is evident in a total magmatic image, and can be traced by the continuation of high magnetic anomalies associated with the Devonian Volcanic Belt and the Late Devonian to Carboniferous Balkhash-Yili arc. Paleomagnetic data show similar to 112-126 degrees clockwise rotation of the northern limb relative to the southern limb in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous, as well as similar to 15-28 degrees clockwise rotation of the northern limb and similar to 39-40 degrees anticlockwise rotation of the southern limb relative to the hinge of the orocline during the Late Carboniferous to Permian. We argue that the Kazakhstan Orocline experienced two stage bending with the early stage of bending (Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous; similar to 112-126 degrees) driven by slab rollback, and the later stage (Late Carboniferous to Permian; 54-68 degrees) possibly associated with the amalgamation of the Siberian, Tarim and Baltic cratons. This new tectonic model is compatible with the occurrence of rift basins, the spatial migration of magmatic arc, and the development of large-scale strike-slip fault systems during oroclinal bending.