Voltammetric electronic tongues - basic principles and applications

This review discusses basic principles and applications of voltammetric electronic tongues. It is introduced by a description of the concept of electronic tongues or taste sensors followed by a general overview of electrochemical measurement principles that have been used for electronic tongues. A special emphasis is given on measurement principles for voltammetric electronic tongues, also including pulse voltammetry and variable reduction. Applications of voltammetric electronic tongue are described, such as in the food industry, environmental analysis, paper and pulp industry, household appliances and agriculture. Future developments of the concept, such as self polishing or miniaturized devices are also described. Finally, a continuous measurement system for chemical oxygen demand (COD), which has been commercialized, is depicted.