Uncovering Cultural Barriers to Quality Improvement Learning in a Trauma Program: An Ethnographic Study

OBJECTIVE: Quality improvement (QI) training is an essential component of postgraduate surgical education and can occur through formal and informal education programs. Informal QI education requires that faculty take advantage of learning opportunities in the hospital setting. Trauma rotations appear ideal opportunities for informal QI learning given that performance improvement is a mandatory component of care at verified trauma centers. It is unclear, however, whether QI initiatives within trauma programs are well integrated into trainee education. This study explored the QI learning environment in a level 1 academic trauma center. STUDY DESIGN: An ethnographic study using observation and interviews methods. The theoretical lens of hidden curriculum was used to interpret the data and generate hypotheses around faculty and trainee experiences. SETTING: University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven observations involving more than 50 faculty and trainees; seventeen interviews with faculty and surgical trainees. RESULTS: All faculty and trainees endorsed QI and informal QI learning. Discrepant experiences were found regarding opportunities to learn and do QI in the clinical setting. Faculty viewed themselves as perpetually doing and teaching QI while trainees perceived little to no QI learning. Trainees identified Morbidity and Mortality rounds as the main opportunity for QI learning; however, traditional teaching style through "pimping" and a largely clinical focus acted as barriers to QI education. Furthermore, trainees chiefly viewed QI as service to the institution, rather than as a form of learning, which contributed to their disinterest in taking up informal QI lessons. CONCLUSION: Informal QI education is highly valued and desired in academic trauma centers but enduring teaching methods, inconsistencies in the cultural learning environment and a hidden curriculum devaluing QI learning are persistent barriers to change. (C) 2018 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.