The effect of small islands in the Southern Ocean on the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere is considered with a series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model in which the gravity wave stress generated by these islands is increased to resemble observed values. The enhanced gravity wave drag leads to a 2K warming of the springtime polar stratosphere, partially ameliorating biases in this region. Resolved wave drag declines in the stratospheric region in which the added orographic gravity waves deposit their momentum, such that changes in gravity waves are partially compensated by changes in resolved waves, though resolved wave drag increases further poleward. The orographic drag from these islands has impacts for surface climate, as biases in tropospheric jet position are also partially ameliorated. These results suggest that these small islands are likely contributing to the missing drag near 60 degrees S in the upper stratosphere evident in many data assimilation products. Plain Language Summary The Southern Ocean contains a number of small islands that cannot be explicitly resolved by contemporary climate models. However, satellite observations indicate that these islands launch gravity waves, and it has been suggested that these gravity waves are important for the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. We modify the representation of these small islands in the Southern Ocean in the gravity wave scheme of a climate and find that model biases are generally reduced. These results suggest that these small islands are likely contributing to the missing drag near 60 degrees S from 40km to 50km above the surface evident in many data assimilation products.
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Univ Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Forbes, Jeffrey M.
Zhang, Xiaoli
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Univ Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Zhang, Xiaoli
Randall, Cora E.
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Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Randall, Cora E.
France, Jeff
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White Ridge Solut LLC, Frederick, MD USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
France, Jeff
Harvey, V. Lynn
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Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Harvey, V. Lynn
Carstens, Justin
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Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Carstens, Justin
Bailey, Scott M.
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Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
机构:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Boisvert, Linette N.
Webster, Melinda A.
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Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Webster, Melinda A.
Petty, Alek A.
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Petty, Alek A.
Markus, Thorsten
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Markus, Thorsten
Cullather, Richard, I
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Cullather, Richard, I
Bromwich, David H.
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Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar & Climate Res Ctr, Columbus, OH USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
Ma, Weiming
Chen, Gang
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
Chen, Gang
Guan, Bin
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
机构:
Univ Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Forbes, Jeffrey M.
Zhang, Xiaoli
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Zhang, Xiaoli
Randall, Cora E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Randall, Cora E.
France, Jeff
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
White Ridge Solut LLC, Frederick, MD USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
France, Jeff
Harvey, V. Lynn
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Harvey, V. Lynn
Carstens, Justin
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Carstens, Justin
Bailey, Scott M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USAUniv Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
机构:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Boisvert, Linette N.
Webster, Melinda A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Webster, Melinda A.
Petty, Alek A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Petty, Alek A.
Markus, Thorsten
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Markus, Thorsten
Cullather, Richard, I
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Cullather, Richard, I
Bromwich, David H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar & Climate Res Ctr, Columbus, OH USANASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
Ma, Weiming
Chen, Gang
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
Chen, Gang
Guan, Bin
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA