Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene climate changes and human habitation in the arctic Western Beringia based on revision of palaeobotanical data

Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes at the transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene in the arctic Western Beringia (AWB) appear to be extremely important for human habitation record of the area. To estimate that we used multiple paleoenvironmental proxy-data collected from different locations (n = 30) and archaeological data from radiocarbon-dated sites (n = 36). Based on correlations between pollen records and their radiocarbon chronology we combined paleoenvironmental data into single generalized sequence for the entire AWB compared to global temperature trend and placed archaeological data on the same time scale. General trend of paleoclimatic changes in the second half of Late Pleistocene is explored, in which the sequence of major climate changes within Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2, and in the beginning of the Holocene are revealed. Climate changes and landscape evolution play as a key governing factor for the human population of the area since its initial phase. Human habitation is documented starting ca. 50,000 BP. Since then, AWB remains human populated but witnessed a number of cultural changes and intrusions before the present-day map of ethnic groups became finally formed. Repeated arrival of new population into AWB finds strong correlation with major paleogeographic events, both cold and warm, such as Last Glacial Maximum, Younger Dryas, and the onset of the Holocene. It is shown that human habitation had been consistently driven by various abiotic and biotic factors, that is, by complex interpaly of development in plant and faunistic associations, landscape evolution, tree line change, and climate-driven changes in spatiotemporal patterns of population dynamics in megaherbivores, especially mammoth.