Nitric Oxide Blocks Blue Light-Induced K(+) Influx by Elevating the Cytosolic Ca(2+) Concentration in Vicia faba L. Guard Cells

Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in nitric oxide (NO)-promoted stomatal closure. However, the function of Ca2+ in NO inhibition of blue light (BL)-induced stomatal opening remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the role of Ca2+ in the crosstalk between BL and NO signaling in Vicia faba L. guard cells. Extracellular Ca2+ modulated the BL-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner, and an application of 5 M Ca2+ in the pipette solution significantly inhibited BL-activated K+ influx. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, showed little effect on BL-induced K+ influx and stomatal opening response in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, but K+ influx and stomatal opening were inhibited by SNP when Ca2+ was added to the bath solution. Interestingly, although both SNP and BL could activate the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and induce the rise of cytosolic Ca2+, the change in levels of Ca2+ channel activity and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were different between SNP and BL treatments. SNP at 100 M obviously activated the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and induced cytosolic Ca2+ rise by 102.4%. In contrast, a BL pulse (100 mol/m2 per s for 30 s) slightly activated the Ca2+ channels and resulted in a Ca2+ rise of only 20.8%. Consistently, cytosolic Ca2+ promoted K+ influx at 0.5 M or below, and significantly inhibited K+ influx at 5 M or above. Taken together, our findings indicate that Ca2+ plays dual and distinctive roles in the crosstalk between BL and NO signaling in guard cells, mediating both the BL-induced K+ influx as an activator at a lower concentration and the NO-blocked K+ influx as an inhibitor at a higher concentration.