Woody encroachment and related soil properties in different tenure-based management systems of semiarid rangelands

Woody encroachment is increasingly threatening savanna ecosystems, but it remains unclear how this is driven by different land tenures and management systems. In South Africa, communal land is mainly managed under continuous grazing, while commercial land is under rotational grazing. We hypothesize that woody encroachment has increased since the end of the Apartheid era in 1994, when rotational grazing systems in communal land switched to continuous grazing. To test this hypothesis, we sampled six subsites in each of three replicates of the two tenure systems in the savannah biome, South Africa, and monitored the degree of woody encroachment and effects on soil using remotely-sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), dendroecology, and grid-based soil analyses. The results confirmed that there has been a positive greening trend over the past 25 years in communal areas due to an increase in woody cover, particularly for tree in the 50-150 cm height class. These trees corresponded to Senegalia tree ages between 10 and 25 years. Greater woody cover in communal areas was accompanied by height-dependent elevated nutrient and organic matter concentrations that increased in the topsoils by a factor of up to 1.5, relative to the freehold systems. Isotopic analyses identified debris of C-3 bushes and trees as main carbon input into the soil of communal areas, where the delta C-13 value of - 20.1 parts per thousand was significantly lower than it was at private farms (-19.2 parts per thousand). Isotopic values also indicated that this carbon input took place beyond the edges of the bush canopy. We conclude that the tenure-based management system in the communal areas has promoted woody encroachment, with the associated changes in soil properties homogenizing the savanna system.