Influence of dopant concentration on the ammonia sensing performance of citric acid-doped polyvinyl acetate nanofibers

The chemical modification of polymer nanofiber-based ammonia sensors by introducing dopants into the active layers has been proven as one of the low-cost routes to enhance their sensing performance. Herein, we investigate the influence of different citric acid (CA) concentrations on electrospun polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanofibers coated on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducers as gravimetric ammonia sensors. The developed CA-doped PVAc nanofiber sensors are tested against various concentrations of ammonia vapors, in which their key sensing performance parameters (i.e., sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and repeatability) are studied in detail. The sensitivity and LOD values of 1.34 Hz ppm(-1) and 1 ppm, respectively, can be obtained during ammonia exposure assessment. Adding CA dopants with a higher concentration not only increases the sensor sensitivity linearly, but also prolongs both response and recovery times. This finding allows us to better understand the dopant concentration effect, which subsequently can result in an appropriate strategy for manufacturing high-performance portable nanofiber-based sensing devices.