Dissolved carbon and CDOM in lake ice and underlying waters along a salinity gradient in shallow lakes of Northeast China

The variations of DOC and DIC concentrations in lake ice and underlying waters were examined in 40 shallow lakes across the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. The lakes, frozen annually during winter, included freshwater and brackish systems (EC > 1000 mu S cm(-1) ; range: 171-12607 mu S cm(-1) in underlying water). Results showed that lake ice contained lower DOC (7.2 mg L-1) and DIC (6.7 mg L-1) concentration compared to the underlying waters (58.2 and 142.4 mg L-1, respectively). Large differences in DOC and DIC concentrations of underlying waters were also observed between freshwater (mean +/- SD: 22.3 +/- 11.5 mg L-1, 50.7 +/- 20.6 mg L-1) and brackish lakes (83.3 +/- 138.0 mg L-1, 247.0 +/- 410.5 mg L-1). A mass balance model was developed to describe the relative distribution of solutes and chemical attributes between ice and the underlying waters. Results showed that water depth and ice thickness were the key factors regulating the spatial distribution of solutes in the frozen lakes. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient at 320 nm, a(CDOM)(320) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA(254)) were used to characterize CDOM composition and quality. Compared to the underlying waters, CDOM present in ice largely included low aromaticity organic substances, an outcome perhaps facilitated by ice formation and photo-degradation. In ice and underlying freshwaters, CDOM predominantly included organic C fractions of high aromaticity, while low aromaticity organic substances were observed for brackish lakes. Results of this study suggest that, if water salinity increases due to climate change and anthropogenic activities, significant changes can occur in the dissolved carbon and fate of CDOM in these shallow lakes.