Type 1 diabetes outcomes of children born in Israel of Eritrean asylum seekers

Aims Disparities in health outcomes in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) based on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position (SEP) have been reported. We compared T1D characteristics between Eritrean status-less children living in Israel and native-born Israeli children. Methods This observational study compared 7 Eritrean and 28 Israeli children (< 8 years old at T1D diagnosis) who were diagnosed in a single diabetes center during 2015-2019. Sociodemographic and diabetes-related data from diagnosis until the last clinic visit were retrieved from their medical files. Results At diagnosis, the mean age was 4.8 +/- 2.2 years, 17 (48.6%) had diabetic ketoacidosis with a mean HbA1c level of 10.5 +/- 2.1% (91.3 mmol/mol) and 29 (82.9%) had >= 2 pancreatic autoantibodies. The mean T1D duration of follow-up was 2.7 +/- 1.4 years. Overall glycemic control during follow-up (> 6 months from diagnosis, mean number of samples 10.6 +/- 5.2) was good, with mean, best, and peak HbA1c levels of 7.4 +/- 0.8% (57.4 mmol/mol), 6.7 +/- 0.7% (49.7 mmol/mol), and 8.1 +/- 1.1% (65 mmol/mol), respectively. Thirty-two children (91.4%) used continuous glucose monitoring devices (CGMs), and the mean time from diagnosis to CGM initiation was 10.8 +/- 14.1 months. CGM metrics: time CGM active: 95.4 +/- 3.8%, mean glucose level: 170.0 +/- 27.0 mg/dl (9.4 mmol/L), time-in-range: 56.4 +/- 14.7%, time-below-range: 5.5 +/- 5.7%, and time-above-range: 38.6 +/- 16.1%. Diabetes-related parameters at diagnosis and during follow-up were similar between groups. Eritrean children had significantly lower SEPs (P < 0.001) and parental education levels (P < 0.001). Correlations between SEP and diabetes parameters and SEP and growth parameters were not significant. Conclusions Eritrean status-less children in Israel achieved glycemic targets similar to those of Israeli children, perhaps reflecting uniformity in the standard of care and CGM usage.