Apoptosis and Necrosis in the Liver

被引:292
|
作者
Guicciardi, Maria Eugenia [1 ]
Malhi, Harmeet [1 ]
Mott, Justin L. [2 ,3 ]
Gores, Gregory J. [1 ]
机构
[1] Mayo Clin, Coll Med, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
[2] Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Omaha, NE USA
[3] Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Eppley Canc Ctr, Omaha, NE USA
关键词
MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM STRESS; HEPATIC STELLATE CELL; MEDIATED HEPATOCYTE APOPTOSIS; SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY; ACID-INDUCED APOPTOSIS; PAN-CASPASE INHIBITOR; NF-KAPPA-B; ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY;
D O I
10.1002/cphy.c120020
中图分类号
Q4 [生理学];
学科分类号
071003 ;
摘要
Because of its unique function and anatomical location, the liver is exposed to a multitude of toxins and xenobiotics, including medications and alcohol, as well as to infection by hepatotropic viruses, and therefore, is highly susceptible to tissue injury. Cell death in the liver occurs mainly by apoptosis or necrosis, with apoptosis also being the physiologic route to eliminate damaged or infected cells and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Liver cells, especially hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, are particularly susceptible to death receptor-mediated apoptosis, given the ubiquitous expression of the death receptors in the organ. In a quite unique way, death receptor-induced apoptosis in these cells is mediated by both mitochondrial and lysosomal permeabilization. Signaling between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria promotes hepatocyte apoptosis in response to excessive free fatty acid generation during the metabolic syndrome. These cell death pathways are partially regulated by microRNAs. Necrosis in the liver is generally associated with acute injury (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion injury) and has been long considered an unregulated process. Recently, a new form of "programmed" necrosis (named necroptosis) has been described: the role of necroptosis in the liver has yet to be explored. However, the minimal expression of a key player in this process in the liver suggests this form of cell death may be uncommon in liver diseases. Because apoptosis is a key feature of so many diseases of the liver, therapeutic modulation of liver cell death holds promise. An updated overview of these concepts is given in this article. (C) 2013 American Physiological Society.
引用
收藏
页码:977 / 1010
页数:34
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