Effects of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Amputation, Bone Fracture, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using an Alternative Measure to the Hazard Ratio

Background and ObjectiveEmpagliflozin and canagliflozin decreased the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared with placebo in randomized clinical trials which were conducted to evaluate their cardiovascular risks. However, canagliflozin increased the risks of amputation and bone fracture, and the reasons for these observed differences remain unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety risks, specifically the risks of amputation and bone fracture, associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors by using the difference in restricted mean survival time (RMST), an alternative measure to the hazard ratio.MethodsThis study included all the randomized clinical trials with cardiovascular events as a primary endpoint, comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus, theresults of which have been published as of 11 September 2018: EMPA-REG OUTCOME (empagliflozin) and CANVAS Program (canagliflozin). We reevaluated these trials by estimating RMSTs based on the reconstructed individual patient data for each time-to-event outcome from publicly available information.ResultsThe differences of RMSTs (SGLT2 inhibitors minus placebo: point estimate and 95% confidence interval) for lower-extremity amputations and low-trauma fracture were - 20days (- 30, - 10) and - 15days (- 30, 0), respectively, in CANVAS Program (2190days follow-up). That for lower-limb amputation was 1day (- 6, 8) in EMPA-REG OUTCOME (1440days follow-up). Regarding the MACE, both empagliflozin and canagliflozin statistically significantly decreased the risk compared with placebo.ConclusionsCanagliflozin was shown to increase the risks of amputation and bone fracture compared with placebo when using the difference in RMST.