Elastic anisotropic finite-difference full-wave modeling and imaging of 2D tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media

Imaging below the tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media pose serious problems and distortions of the sub-surface geological targets of interest for hydrocarbon exploration, which is very common in fold-thrust belts or active tectonic areas like the Rocky Mountain foothills of the Canada or foothills of the Himalaya. To model and image below the TTI media having symmetry axis orthogonal to dipping anisotropic layers, a 2D TTI thrust sheet is considered for elastic anisotropic finite-difference full-wave modeling and generation of synthetic seismic data using the robust staggered-grid scheme of wave propagation. Free-surface boundary conditions at the top and absorbing boundary conditions for the other three sides of the model have been imposed to reduce undesirable edge effects and suppress dispersions. The synthetic seismic data generated for the 2D TTI thrust model are migrated using the anisotropic Kirchhoff pre-stack time (PSTM) and depth migration (PSDM) technique followed by the migration velocity analysis (MVA) algorithm. The traveltime computations are made using robust eikonal equations with fourth-order elastic anisotropic finite-difference solutions to handle large tilts (nu) along with anisotropic ray-tracing to image below the TTI thrust sheet. The MVA algorithm adopted also estimates the anisotropic parameters epsilon and delta accurately within the acceptable error limit through successive iterations of inversion and parameter update, which results in sufficient flattening of the reflection events in the common image gathers (CIGs). This is a powerful and stable methodology to handle large tilt (nu = 60 degrees) of the steeply dipping reflectors in complex geological structure like the TTI thrust model without much distortion of CIGs for which the symmetry axis of each TTI block is set orthogonal to the bottom of the reflectors having different tilts.