Variational calculus for hypersurface functionals: Singular Yamabe problem Willmore energies

We develop an efficient calculus for varying hypersurface embeddings based on variations of hypersurface defining functions. This is used to show that the functional gradient of a new Willmore-like, conformal hypersurface energy agrees exactly with the obstruction to smoothly solving the singular Yamabe problem for conformally compact four-manifolds. We give explicit formulae for both the energy functional and the obstruction. Vanishing of the latter is a necessary condition for solving the vacuum cosmological Einstein equations in four spacetime dimensions with data prescribed on a conformal infinity, while the energy functional generalizes the scheme-independent contribution to entanglement entropy across surfaces to hypersurfaces. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.