Synthesis and characterization of LiMn1-x Fe x PO4/carbon nanotubes composites as cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) coated with LiMn1-x Fe (x) PO4 (0.2 a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand x a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand 0.8), as possible cathode materials, was synthesized by using a sol-gel process (Polyol method), after annealing under flowing nitrogen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the composites confirmed the formation of the olivine structured LiMn1-x Fe (x) PO4 phase and no secondary phases were detected. The morphological investigation revealed the formation of agglomerates with particles size ranging between 300 and 700 nm. XRD investigation of composites shows difference of the morphology by doping CNT and carbon black in the composites. Transmission electron microscopy shows the growth of nano-sized particles on CNT (20-70 nm) and the agglomeration of primary particles to form secondary particles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the Fe and Mn ions are in divalent states in the LiMn1-x Fe (x) PO4 composites. The cyclic voltamograms showed the oxidation peaks of iron and manganese ions at 3.53-3.63 and 4.05-4.33 V, respectively, while the reduction peaks were found at 3.21-3.42 V (iron reduction) and 3.85-3.93 V (manganese reduction) depending on the iron content in the composition. The LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/CNT composite (x = 0.4) (with 20 % wt CNT) delivered a specific capacity of 120 mAhg(-1) (at a discharge rate of C/20 and RT).