Estimating forest elephant density in Sapo National Park (Liberia) with a rainfall model

The number of elephant dung-piles lying on the forest floor is a function of the number of elephants present and the rainfall in the 2 preceding months. We present the results of a stochastic model that describes this relationship and we show how it can be used to estimate elephant numbers. The data from a survey in Sapo NP (Liberia) in 1989 are used as an example. The dung-pile density was estimated at 152 km(-2) with confidence interval from 72 to 322, and the number of elephants was estimated to be 313 with confidence interval from 172 to 617.