Decoupling the Voltage Hysteresis of Li-Rich Cathodes: Electrochemical Monitoring, Modulation Anionic Redox Chemistry and Theoretical Verifying

Cathodes in lithium-ion batteries with anionic redox can deliver extraordinarily high specific capacities but also present many issues such as oxygen release, voltage hysteresis, and sluggish kinetics. Identifying problems and developing solutions for these materials are vital for creating high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Herein, the electrochemical and structural monitoring is conducted on lithium-rich cathodes to directly probe the formation processes of larger voltage hysteresis. These results indicate that the charge-compensation properties, structural evolution, and transition metal (TM) ions migration vary from oxidation to reduction process. This leads to huge differences in charge and discharge voltage profile. Meanwhile, the anionic redox processes display a slow kinetics process with large hysteresis (approximate to 0.5 V), compared to fast cationic redox processes without any hysteresis. More importantly, a simple yet effective strategy has been proposed where fine-modulating local oxygen environment by the lithium/oxygen (Li/O) ratio tunes the anionic redox chemistry. This effectively improves its electrochemical properties, including the operating voltage and kinetics. This is also verified by theoretical calculations that adjusting anionic redox chemistry by the Li/O ratio shifts the TM 3d-O 2p bands and the non-bonding O 2p band to a lower energy level, resulting in a higher redox reaction potential.