Epitaxial Graphene Growth and Shape Dynamics on Copper: Phase-Field Modeling and Experiments

被引:140
作者
Meca, Esteban [1 ]
Lowengrub, John [1 ]
Kim, Hokwon [2 ]
Mattevi, Cecilia [3 ]
Shenoy, Vivek B. [4 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Math, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
[2] CEA Grenoble, LETI, F-38054 Grenoble, France
[3] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, CASC, London SW7 2AZ, England
[4] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会; 英国工程与自然科学研究理事会;
关键词
Graphene; phase field modeling; epitaxial growth; anisotropic diffusion; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; CU; FOILS; FILMS;
D O I
10.1021/nl4033928
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
The epitaxial growth of graphene on copper foils is a complex process, influenced by thermodynamic, kinetic, and growth parameters, often leading to diverse island shapes including dendrites, squares, stars, hexagons, butterflies, and lobes. Here, we introduce a phase-field model that provides a unified description of these diverse growth morphologies and compare the model results with new experiments. Our model explicitly accounts for the anisotropies in the energies of growing graphene edges, kinetics of attachment of carbon at the edges, and the crystallinity of the underlying copper substrate (through anisotropy in surface diffusion). We show that anisotropic diffusion has a very important, counterintuitive role in the determination of the shape of islands, and we present a "phase diagram" of growth shapes as a function of growth rate for different copper facets. Our results are shown to be in excellent agreement with growth shapes observed for high symmetry facets such as (111) and (001) as well as for high-index surfaces such as (221) and (310).
引用
收藏
页码:5692 / 5697
页数:6
相关论文
共 29 条
  • [1] Equilibrium at the edge and atomistic mechanisms of graphene growth
    Artyukhov, Vasilii I.
    Liu, Yuanyue
    Yakobson, Boris I.
    [J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2012, 109 (38) : 15136 - 15140
  • [2] Thermal transport across Twin Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Graphene from Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations
    Bagri, Akbar
    Kim, Sang-Pil
    Ruoff, Rodney S.
    Shenoy, Vivek B.
    [J]. NANO LETTERS, 2011, 11 (09) : 3917 - 3921
  • [3] Topology evolution of graphene in chemical vapor deposition, a combined theoretical/experimental approach toward shape control of graphene domains
    Fan, Lili
    Zou, Jie
    Li, Zhen
    Li, Xiao
    Wang, Kunlin
    Wei, Jinquan
    Zhong, Minlin
    Wu, Dehai
    Xu, Zhiping
    Zhu, Hongwei
    [J]. NANOTECHNOLOGY, 2012, 23 (11)
  • [4] Anomalous Strength Characteristics of Tilt Grain Boundaries in Graphene
    Grantab, Rassin
    Shenoy, Vivek B.
    Ruoff, Rodney S.
    [J]. SCIENCE, 2010, 330 (6006) : 946 - 948
  • [5] Graphene Growth Dynamics on Epitaxial Copper Thin Films
    Jacobberger, Robert M.
    Arnold, Michael S.
    [J]. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2013, 25 (06) : 871 - 877
  • [6] Modeling of the self-limited growth in catalytic chemical vapor deposition of graphene
    Kim, HoKwon
    Saiz, Eduardo
    Chhowalla, Manish
    Mattevi, Cecilia
    [J]. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, 2013, 15
  • [7] Activation Energy Paths for Graphene Nucleation and Growth on Cu
    Kim, HoKwon
    Mattevi, Cecilia
    Calvo, M. Reyes
    Oberg, Jenny C.
    Artiglia, Luca
    Agnoli, Stefano
    Hirjibehedin, Cyrus F.
    Chhowalla, Manish
    Saiz, Eduardo
    [J]. ACS NANO, 2012, 6 (04) : 3614 - 3623
  • [8] Krug J, 2005, INT SER NUMER MATH, V149, P69
  • [9] Equilibrium shape of graphene domains on Ni(111)
    Li, Meifang
    Hannon, James B.
    Tromp, Rudoff M.
    Sun, Jiebing
    Li, Junwen
    Shenoy, Vivek B.
    Chason, Eric
    [J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2013, 88 (04):
  • [10] Growth of Adlayer Graphene on Cu Studied by Carbon Isotope Labeling
    Li, Qiongyu
    Chou, Harry
    Zhong, Jin-Hui
    Liu, Jun-Yang
    Dolocan, Andrei
    Zhang, Junyan
    Zhou, Yinghui
    Ruoff, Rodney S.
    Chen, Shanshan
    Cai, Weiwei
    [J]. NANO LETTERS, 2013, 13 (02) : 486 - 490