Planck 2015 results XVI. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB

被引:345
作者
Ade, P. A. R. [94 ]
Aghanim, N. [62 ]
Akrami, Y. [67 ,108 ]
Aluri, P. K. [57 ]
Arnaud, M. [78 ]
Ashdown, M. [7 ,74 ]
Aumont, J. [62 ]
Baccigalupi, C. [93 ]
Banday, A. J. [10 ,105 ]
Barreiro, R. B. [69 ]
Bartolo, N. [33 ,70 ]
Basak, S. [93 ]
Battaner, E. [106 ,107 ]
Benabed, K. [63 ,104 ]
Benoit, A. [60 ]
Benoit-Levy, A. [37 ,63 ,104 ]
Bernard, J. -P [10 ,105 ]
Bersanelli, M. [36 ,51 ]
Bielewicz, P. [10 ,90 ,93 ]
Bock, J. J. [12 ,71 ]
Bonaldi, A. [72 ]
Bonavera, L. [69 ]
Bond, J. R. [9 ]
Borrill, J. [15 ,99 ]
Bouchet, F. R. [63 ,97 ]
Boulanger, F. [62 ]
Bucher, M. [1 ]
Burigana, C. [34 ,50 ,52 ]
Butler, R. C. [50 ]
Calabrese, E. [102 ]
Cardoso, J. -F. [1 ,63 ,79 ,80 ]
Casaponsa, B. [69 ]
Catalano, A. [77 ,81 ]
Challinor, A. [13 ,66 ,74 ]
Chamballu, A. [17 ,62 ,78 ]
Chiang, H. C. [8 ,30 ]
Christensen, P. R. [39 ,91 ]
Church, S. [101 ]
Clements, D. L. [58 ]
Colombi, S. [63 ,104 ]
Colombo, L. P. L. [26 ,71 ]
Combet, C. [81 ]
Contreras, D. [25 ]
Couchot, F. [76 ]
Coulais, A. [77 ]
Crill, B. P. [12 ,71 ]
Cruz, M. [22 ]
Curto, A. [7 ,69 ,74 ]
Cuttaia, F. [50 ]
Danese, L. [93 ]
机构
[1] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS IN2P3, CEA Irfu, APC,AstroParticule & Cosmol,Observ Paris,Sorbonne, 10 Rue Alice Domon & Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris 13, France
[2] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, POB 13000, Aalto 00076, Finland
[3] Dept Radio Sci & Engn, POB 13000, Aalto 00076, Finland
[4] African Inst Math Sci, 6-8 Melrose Rd, Cape Town, South Africa
[5] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Sci Data Ctr, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy
[6] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, UMR 7326, F-13388 Marseille, France
[7] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[8] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Math Stat & Comp Sci, Astrophys & Cosmol Res Unit, Westville Campus,Private Bag X54001, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa
[9] Univ Toronto, CITA, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[10] CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av Colonel Roche,BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[11] Trinity Coll Dublin, CRANN, Dublin, Ireland
[12] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[13] Univ Cambridge, Ctr Theoret Cosmol, DAMTP, Wilberforce Rd, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England
[14] CEFCA, Plaza San Juan 1,Planta 2, Teruel 44001, Spain
[15] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Computat Cosmol Ctr, Berkeley, CA USA
[16] CSIC, Madrid, Spain
[17] CEA Saclay, DSM Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
[18] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
[19] Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, 24 Quai E Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
[20] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, San Cristobal la Laguna 38206, Tenerife, Spain
[21] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, Avda Calvo Sotelo S-N, Oviedo 33003, Spain
[22] Univ Cantabria, Dept Matemat Estadist & Computac, Avda Castros S-N, E-39005 Santander, Spain
[23] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada
[24] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
[25] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC, Canada
[26] Univ Southern Calif, Dana & David Dornsife Coll Letter Arts & Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
[27] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England
[28] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Keen Phys Bldg,77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
[29] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, Helsinki 00100, Finland
[30] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[31] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[32] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL USA
[33] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[34] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis & Sci Terra, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
[35] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ple A Moro 2, Rome, Italy
[36] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Via Celoria 16, Milan, Italy
[37] Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, Via A Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
[38] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Matemat, Via Ric Sci 1, Rome, Italy
[39] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, 17 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
[40] European Space Agcy, ESAC, Planck Sci Off, Camino Bajo Castillo S-N, Madrid 28692, Spain
[41] European Space Agcy, Estec, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
[42] Univ E Campus, Fac Ingn, Via Isimbardi 10, I-22060 Novedrate, CO, Italy
[43] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Viale F Crispi 7, I-67100 Laquila, Italy
[44] HGSFP, Philosophenweg 16, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
[45] Heidelberg Univ, Dept Theoret Phys, Philosophenweg 16, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
[46] Aalto Univ, Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2, Helsinki, Finland
[47] Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, Padua, Italy
[48] Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, Via Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
[49] Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, Via GB Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
[50] IASF Bologna, INAF, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
关键词
cosmology: observations; cosmic background radiation; polarization; methods: data analysis; methods: statistical; MICROWAVE-ANISOTROPY-PROBE; NON-GAUSSIANITY; WMAP OBSERVATIONS; COLD SPOT; MINKOWSKI FUNCTIONALS; BACKGROUND ANISOTROPY; POWER ASYMMETRY; FULL-SKY; MAPS; POLARIZATION;
D O I
10.1051/0004-6361/201526681
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We test the statistical isotropy and Gaussianity of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies using observations made by the Planck satellite. Our results are based mainly on the full Planck mission for temperature, but also include some polarization measurements. In particular, we consider the CMB anisotropy maps derived from the multi-frequency Planck data by several component-separation methods. For the temperature anisotropies, we find excellent agreement between results based on these sky maps over both a wry large fraction of the sky and a broad range of angular scales, establishing that potential foreground residuals do not affect our studies. Tests of skewness, kurtosis, multi-normality, N-point functions, and Minkowski functionals indicate consistency with Gaussianity, while a power deficit at large angular scales is manifested in several ways, for example low map variance. The results of a peak statistics analysis are consistent with the expectations of a Gaussian random field. The "Cold Spot" is detected with several methods, including map kurtosis, peak statistics, and mean temperature profile. We thoroughly probe the large-scale dipolar power asymmetry, detecting it with several independent tests, and address the subject of a posteriori correction. Tests of directionality suggest the presence of angular clustering from large to small scales, but at a significance that is dependent on the details of the approach. We perform the first examination of polarization data, finding the morphology of stacked peaks to be consistent with the expectations of statistically isotropic simulations. Where they overlap, these results are consistent with the Planck 2013 analysis based on the nominal mission data and provide our most thorough view of the statistics of the CMB fluctuations to date.
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页数:62
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