Prepulse inhibition in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A systematic review

Background Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating used to identify deficits in early-stage information processing and inhibitory function defects. Many studies support the presence of PPI deficits in schizophrenia patients. However, very few studies have explored PPI levels among first-degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients, and the results have been inconsistent. This review article explored PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients. Methods We performed a systematic literature review using the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, EBSCO and Chinese databases from inception to January 2020. A series of related factors (eg, PPI paradigm, heritability and sample characteristics) and outcomes were summarized from the literature that met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results A total of eight studies were eligible for systematic review after screening. A meta-analysis of the selected studies was not conducted due to the limitations of quantity and paradigm heterogeneity. A majority of the studies' subjects were siblings of schizophrenia patients and different paradigms were applied. Most of the included studies reported no difference in PPI values between FDR of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Conclusion Contrary to traditional certainty that unaffected FDR of schizophrenia patients have PPI defects, our review found no sufficient evidence supporting that the PPI level in FDR of schizophrenia patients was lower than in healthy controls. A prospective cohort study focusing on different outcomes such as developing schizophrenia is required to explore PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients.