Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M(1) in milk and milk products: A worldwide review

This paper critically reviews data from the literature since 1980 on the occurrence of aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) in human and animal milk, infant formula, dried milk, cheese, and yogurt. Furthermore the influence of storage and processing of milk and milk products on the occurrence and stability of AFM(1) is reviewed. It is concluded that (i) efforts in attempting to harmonize already existing regulatory limits for AF in foods and feed should be made; (ii) further investigations should verify the influence of milk storage and processing on AFM(1) occurrence to avoid uncertainty in actual practice; (iii) the occurrence of AFM(1) in animal milks and milk products is widespread, although, considering the current scientific fund, contamination levels do not seem to be a serious health hazard; however, further studies should provide accurate scientific information concerning the human health hazard related to long-term exposure to subchronic AF levels; (iv) monitoring programs should be more extensive and frequent; and (v) in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in African countries, a particular attention should be used in monitoring milk and milk products other than those from cows, as well as feed. Furthermore, extensive and periodic surveys on the occurrence of AF and their metabolite in human breast milk should be performed, since a serious health hazard to mother, fetus, or infants could occur.