Modeling of the engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel using nano-biochar added into ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends

This survey was aimed at investigating the effect of biodiesel/ethanol content, nano-biochar concentration, and engine speed on the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The different blend ratios of biodiesel/ethanol in neat diesel (0-8% by volume), nano-biochar particle concentrations (25-125 ppm), and engine speed (1800-2600 rpm) were used as input factors in RSM model. The experiments were designed, and models provided using the response surface method (RSM). All models derived for both engine performance and emissions variables were found to be statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Interactive effects between the studied variables and responses were presented. In general, the inclusion of nano-biochar particles into diesel- biodiesel-ethanol blend showed a positive effect on both engine performance and exhaust emissions. The desirability approach based RSM was employed to predict the best engine working condition. The optimal engine working parameters for maximum engine performance and minimum exhaust emissions were identified as 2% biodiesel, 6% ethanol, 100 ppm nanoparticles, and 2123 rpm engine speed. The test results showed that at optimal parameters obtained, the values of the engine brake torque, power, BSFC, NOX, UHC, and CO were found to be 7.7 Nm, 1.7 kW, 219 g/kW h, 184 ppm, and 0.011%Vol., respectively.