Loss pathways of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in tudgrass soils

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a potent carcinogen that is often present in municipal wastewater effluents. In a previous field study, it was observed that NDMA did not leach through turfgrass soils following 4 mo of intensive irrigation with NDMA-containing wastewater effluent. To better understand the loss pathways for NDMA in landscape irrigation systems, a mass balance approach was employed using in situ lysimeters treated with C-14-NDMA. When the lysimeters were subjected to irrigation and field conditions after NDMA application, very, rapid dissipation of NDMA was observed for both types of soil used in the field plots. After only 4 It, total C-14 activity in the lysimeters decreased to 119.1 to 26.1% of the applied amount, and less titan 1% of the activity was detected below the 20-cm depth. Analysis of plant materials showed that less than 3% of the applied C-14 was incorporated into the plants,, suggesting only a minor role for plant uptake in removing NDMA from the vegetated soils. The rapid dissipation and limited downward movement of NDMA in the in situ lysimeters; was consistent with the negligible leaching observed in the field study, and suggests volatilization as the only significant loss pathway. This conclusion was further corroborated by rapid NDMA volatilization found from water or a thin layer of soil tinder laboratory conditions. In a laboratory incubation experiment, prolonged wastewater irrigation did not result in enhanced NDMA degradation in the soil. Therefore, although NDMA may be present at relatively high levels in treated wastewater, gaseous diffusion and volatilization in unsaturated soils may effectively inipede significant leaching of NDMA, minimizing the potential for ground water contamination from irrigation with treated wastewater.