Performance of the operational and experimental long-range forecasts for the 2015 southwest monsoon rainfall

India experienced deficient monsoon rainfall in 2015 that followed the deficient monsoon of 2014. India Meteorological Department (IMD) correctly predicted the large rainfall deficiency (86% of long period average) in 2015. Incidentally, this was the first ever deficient monsoon forecast issued by IMD, though it had earlier issued below-normal rainfall forecasts in the previous two deficient monsoon years (2009 and 2014) and was partially correct. The fact that there were only three previous occasions of consecutive two deficient monsoon years during the last 114 years (1901-2014) was itself a challenge to IMD to issue the forecast in 2015. It may be mentioned that IMD persisted with the deficient monsoon forecast for 2015, even though there were predictions from private agencies for a normal monsoon and apprehensions from the press and media about the low probability of two consecutive deficient years. IMD was also able to correctly predict the regional distribution of seasonal rainfall during the season. IMD's first deficient monsoon forecast was based on the state-of-the-art operational statistical forecasting system, which was introduced in 2007. IMD was further confident for a deficient monsoon due to the clear indications of a strong El Nino event by June itself. Forecasts from high-resolution coupled forecasting system (CFS) developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, under the Monsoon Mission also suggested a deficient monsoon in 2015. In this article we provide details of the operational forecasting models and verification of these forecasts. Brief description about the experimental CFS developed under the Monsoon Mission and CFS forecast for the 2015 southwest monsoon season is also presented.