A stacking method to study the gamma-ray emission of source samples based on the co-adding of Fermi-LAT count maps

被引：13

作者：

Huber, B. ^{[1
,2
]}

Farnier, C. ^{[2
,3
]}

Manalaysay, A. ^{[1
]}

Straumann, U. ^{[1
]}

Walter, R. ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland

[2] Univ Geneva, Observ Geneva, Ctr Astroparticle Phys, ISDC Data Ctr Astrophys, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

[3] Albanova Univ Ctr, Stockholm Univ Ctr, Dept Phys, Oskar Klein Ctr, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2012年 / 547卷

关键词：

methods: data analysis; methods: statistical; gamma rays: general; EGRET UPPER LIMITS; SEARCHES;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201219688

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Aims. We present a stacking method that makes use of co-added maps of gamma-ray counts produced from data taken with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Sources with low integrated gamma-ray fluxes that are not detected individually may become detectable when their corresponding count maps are added. Methods. The combined data set is analyzed with a maximum likelihood method taking into account the contribution from point-like and diffuse background sources. For both simulated and real data, detection significance and integrated gamma-ray flux are investigated for different numbers of stacked sources using the public Fermi Science Tools for analysis and data preparation. Results. The co-adding is done such that potential source signals add constructively, in contrast to the signals from background sources, which allows the stacked data to be described with simply structured models. We show, for different scenarios, that the stacking method can be used to increase the cumulative significance of a sample of sources and to characterize the corresponding gamma-ray emission. The method can, for instance, help to search for gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters.

引用

页数：8

共 12 条

[1] Constraining Dark Matter Models from a Combined Analysis of Milky Way Satellites with the Fermi Large Area Telescope [J].

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Albert, A. ;

Atwood, W. B. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Burnett, T. H. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Canadas, B. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Cutini, S. ;

de Angelis, A. ;

de Palma, F. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

Digel, S. W. ;

do Couto e Silva, E. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Drlica-Wagner, A. ;

Falletti, L. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Ferrara, E. C. ;

Fukazawa, Y. ;

Funk, S. ;

Fusco, P. ;

Gargano, F. .

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2011, 107 (24)

[2]

[Anonymous], 2010, J PHYS G, V37

[3] THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION [J].

Atwood, W. B. ;

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ackermann, M. ;

Althouse, W. ;

Anderson, B. ;

Axelsson, M. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Band, D. L. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bartelt, J. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Baughman, B. M. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bederede, D. ;

Bellardi, F. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Bignami, G. F. ;

Bisello, D. ;

Bissaldi, E. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bogart, J. R. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Bonnell, J. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bouvier, A. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brez, A. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Burnett, T. H. ;

Busetto, G. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Carius, S. ;

Carlson, P. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Ceccanti, M. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Chipaux, R. ;

Cillis, A. N. ;

Ciprini, S. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 697 (02) :1071-1102

[4] EGRET upper limits and stacking searches of gamma-ray observations of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies [J].

Cillis, AN ;

Torres, DF ;

Reimer, O .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2005, 621 (01) :139-145

[5] Stacking searches for gamma-ray emission above 100 MeV from radio and Seyfert galaxies [J].

Cillis, AN ;

Hartman, RC ;

Bertsch, DL .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2004, 601 (01) :142-150

[6] Gamma-ray source stacking analysis at low galactic latitudes [J].

Cillis, Analia N. ;

Reimer, Olaf ;

Torres, Diego E. .

ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE, 2007, 309 (1-4) :51-55

[7]

Cowan Glen, 1997, Statistical Data Analysis

[8] The likelihood analysis of EGRET data [J].

Mattox, JR ;

Bertsch, DL ;

Chiang, J ;

Dingus, BL ;

Digel, SW ;

Esposito, JA ;

Fierro, JM ;

Hartman, RC ;

Hunter, SD ;

Kanbach, G ;

Kniffen, DA ;

Lin, YC ;

Macomb, DJ ;

MayerHasselwander, HA ;

Michelson, PF ;

vonMontigny, C ;

Mukherjee, R ;

Nolan, PL ;

Ramanamurthy, PV ;

Schneid, E ;

Sreekumar, P ;

Thompson, DJ ;

Willis, TD .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 1996, 461 (01) :396-407

[9] FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG [J].

Nolan, P. L. ;

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Allafort, A. ;

Antolini, E. ;

Atwood, W. B. ;

Axelsson, M. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Belfiore, A. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Bignami, G. F. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Bonnell, J. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bottacini, E. ;

Bouvier, A. ;

Brandt, T. J. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Burnett, T. H. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Campana, R. ;

Canadas, B. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Ceccanti, M. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Celik, Oe ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Chipaux, R. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2012, 199 (02)

[10]

Petry D, 2005, AIP CONF PROC, V745, P709, DOI 10.1063/1.1878488

← 1 2 →