Probing mechanisms and improving management of glaucoma following Boston keratoprosthesis surgery

被引:0
|
作者
Geoffrion, Dominique [1 ,2 ]
Koenekoop, Robert K. [1 ]
Harissi-Dagher, Mona [1 ]
机构
[1] McGill Univ, Fac Med, Dept Expt Surg, Montreal, PQ, Canada
[2] McGill Univ, Fac Med, Dept Expt Surg, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada
关键词
TYPE-1; KERATOPROSTHESIS; OUTCOMES; COMPLICATIONS; PROGRESSION; BAERVELDT; IMPLANT; VISION; DEVICE;
D O I
10.1111/aos.15292
中图分类号
R77 [眼科学];
学科分类号
100212 ;
摘要
ENGLISH SUMMARYCorneal blindness is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. The most common treatment is to replace the diseased cornea by standard corneal transplantation. In eyes at high risk of graft failure, the Boston keratoprosthesis type 1 (KPro) can be used to restore vision and is currently the most frequently used artificial cornea in the world. However, glaucoma is a well-known complication of KPro surgery and is the most important threat to vision in KPro-implanted eyes (paper I). This chronic disease is influenced by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and damages the optic nerve, leading to progressive vision loss. In KPro patients, glaucoma is highly prevalent and extremely challenging to manage, yet its exact cause remains unknown.The overall purpose of this PhD Thesis (Geoffrion, 2021) was to better understand the mechanisms and how to improve management of glaucoma after KPro implantation. The approaches used in this thesis included investigating one of the largest KPro patient cohorts in North America, with a total of 157 operated patients at that time, as well as studying KPro surgery and outcomes in mice.The first objective was to identify risk factors for glaucoma development and progression after KPro implantation (paper II). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that high preoperative IOP signals a higher risk for both glaucoma development and progression. Stromal and endothelial corneal disorders were less associated with glaucoma progression, while autoimmune and ocular surface diseases precipitated glaucoma development.Second, there is no objective evidence that indicates the best order for glaucoma surgeries and KPro implantation. By comparing medical and surgical management in KPro eyes with either preexisting or de novo glaucoma (paper III), we showed that glaucoma surgery may be performed before or at the time of KPro in eyes with preexisting glaucoma to limit progression without increasing complications. In eyes with de novo glaucoma, glaucoma surgery did not increase complications compared with medications.Third, among glaucoma surgery interventions, the two most frequently implanted glaucoma drainage devices were compared in KPro patients (paper IV). Compared with the Ahmed glaucoma valve, the Baerveldt glaucoma implant was associated with lower failure rates, without increased postoperative complications.Fourth, even with aggressive management, many KPro patients suffer from progressive optic nerve damage, sometimes despite normal IOP. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, but their role in KPro-associated glaucoma is still unknown. By analysing tear fluid of KPro patients by multiplex bead immunoassay (paper V), we identified that cytokines TNF-a, IL-1b, FGF-basic and IFN-g were elevated in KPro patients with glaucoma compared to those without. These cytokines correlated with optic nerve excavation and IOP. For the first time in humans, these results concorded with the elevations of TNF-a and IL-1b documented in the mouse KPro model. Ocular surface inflammation may thus reflect the inflammatory processes that perpetuate glaucoma damage years after KPro surgery.Fifth, we determined that miniaturized mouse KPro implantation requires extensive practice to be used as a reproducible model of glaucoma post-KPro (paper VI). KPro animal models with larger eyes and a full-thickness, 360-degree corneal excision should be prioritized to best validate human outcomes. In conclusion, glaucoma in KPro eyes is a long-lasting and multifactorial process. Most probable mechanisms combine IOP-independent inflammation mediated by TNF-a and IL-1b that prolong glaucoma damage, together with post-surgical angle closure elevating the IOP. Altogether, our results inform glaucoma risk profiling of transplant recipients, improvement of surgical management of KPro patients with glaucoma and development of targeted treatments to minimize glaucomatous damage after KPro. Ultimately, this work has the potential to preserve the vision of thousands of patients who undergo KPro surgery every year worldwide and to provide insight for the role of inflammation in other diseases involving neuronal damage. ReSUMe (FRENCH SUMMARY)La cecite corneenne est l'une des causes les plus importantes de deficience visuelle dans le monde. Le traitement usuel est de remplacer la cornee malade par une greffe de cornee traditionnelle. Dans les yeux a haut risque d'echec de greffe, la keratoprothese de Boston de type 1 (KPro) peut retablir la vision et est la cornee artificielle la plus utilisee au monde. Cependant, le glaucome est une complication importante de la KPro (papier I). Cette maladie chronique est influencee par une pression intraoculaire (PIO) elevee et endommage le nerf optique, menant a une perte de vision. Chez les patients avec KPro, le glaucome est frequent et difficile a controler, mais sa cause exacte demeure inconnue.L'objectif principal de cette these est de decouvrir les mecanismes et d'optimiser la prise en charge du glaucome apres l'implantation de la KPro. Pour ce faire, nous avons investigue l'une des plus grandes cohortes de patients KPro en Amerique du Nord avec un total de 157 patients, ainsi qu'un groupe de souris ayant recu une implantation de keratoprothese.Le premier but etait d'identifier les facteurs de risque pour le developpement et la progression du glaucome apres la KPro (papier II). Par regression logistique multivariee, nous avons demontre qu'une PIO preoperatoire elevee mene a un plus grand risque de developpement et de progression du glaucome. Les maladies corneennes stromales ou endotheliales sont moins associees a une progression, alors que les maladies autoimmunes ou de la surface oculaire precipitent le developpement du glaucome.Deuxiemement, il n'existe aucune donnee objective pour indiquer le meilleur ordre des chirurgies de glaucome et de KPro. En comparant les traitements medicaux et chirurgicaux des yeux KPro avec glaucome (papier III), nous avons demontre que les chirurgies de glaucome peuvent limiter la progression en etant effectuees avant ou pendant l'implantation de KPro dans les yeux avec glaucome preexistant, sans augmenter les complications. Dans le glaucome de novo, les chirurgies de glaucome n'augmentent pas les complications en comparaison aux medicaments.Troisiemement, les deux implants de glaucome les plus communs ont ete etudies chez les patients KPro (papier IV). Compare a la valve Ahmed, l'implant Baerveldt est associe a des taux d'echec plus bas, sans augmentation des complications. Quatriemement, meme avec une prise en charge agressive, plusieurs patients KPro souffrent de glaucome qui progresse, parfois sans PIO elevee. Les cytokines inflammatoires jouent un role dans la pathophysiologie du glaucome, mais leur role dans le glaucome associe a la KPro est inconnu. En analysant les larmes de patients KPro (papier V), nous avons identifie que les cytokines TNF-a, IL-1b, FGF-basic et IFN-g sont elevees chez les patients KPro avec glaucome compare a ceux sans glaucome. Ces cytokines correlent avec l'excavation du nerf optique et la PIO. Pour la premiere fois chez les humains, ces resultats concordent avec les niveaux eleves de TNF-a et IL-1b documentes dans le modele murin de KPro. L'inflammation de la surface oculaire pourrait donc refleter les processus inflammatoires qui perpetuent le dommage glaucomateux.Cinquiemement, nous avons determine que l'implantation de la KPro miniature chez la souris requiert beaucoup de pratique pour etre utilise comme modele de glaucome post-KPro (papier VI). Des modeles animaux avec des yeux plus larges et une excision corneenne de pleine epaisseur sur 360 degres devraient etre priorises pour valider les resultats chez l'humain.En conclusion, le glaucome associe a la KPro est un processus multifactoriel qui persiste a long terme. Les mecanismes probables combinent l'inflammation mediee par TNF-a et IL-1b et une fermeture de l'angle qui augmente la PIO. Nos resultats contribuent a etablir les facteurs de risque de glaucome pour les receveurs de KPro, a ameliorer leur prise en charge et a developper des therapies ciblees. Ce travail a le potentiel de preserver la vision de milliers de patients recevant une KPro chaque annee dans le monde et d'aider a mieux comprendre le role de l'inflammation dans d'autres maladies avec atteinte neuronale.
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页数:15
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