Planck intermediate results XXIII. Galactic plane emission components derived from Planck with ancillary data

被引:33
作者
Ade, P. A. R. [82 ]
Aghanim, N. [55 ]
Alves, M. I. R. [55 ]
Arnaud, M. [67 ]
Ashdown, M. [7 ,64 ]
Atrio-Barandela, F. [18 ]
Aumont, J. [55 ]
Baccigalupi, C. [81 ]
Banday, A. J. [11 ,85 ]
Barreiro, R. B. [61 ]
Battaner, E. [87 ]
Benabed, K. [56 ,84 ]
Benoit-Levy, A. [24 ,54 ,56 ,84 ]
Bernard, J-P. [11 ,85 ]
Bersanelli, M. [33 ,47 ]
Bielewicz, P. [11 ,81 ,85 ]
Bobin, J. [67 ]
Bonaldi, A. [63 ]
Bond, J. R. [10 ]
Bouchet, F. R. [56 ,84 ]
Boulanger, F. [55 ]
Burigana, C. [31 ,46 ]
Cardoso, J-F. [1 ,56 ,68 ,69 ]
Catalano, A. [66 ,70 ]
Chamballu, A. [15 ,55 ,67 ]
Chiang, H. C. [8 ,27 ]
Christensen, P. R. [36 ,78 ]
Clements, D. L. [53 ]
Colombi, S. [56 ,84 ]
Colombo, L. P. L. [23 ,62 ]
Combet, C. [70 ]
Couchot, F. [65 ]
Crill, B. P. [62 ,79 ]
Cuttaia, F. [46 ]
Danese, L. [81 ]
Davies, R. D. [63 ]
Davis, R. J. [63 ]
de Bernardis, P. [32 ]
de Rosa, A. [46 ]
de Zotti, G. [42 ,81 ]
Delabrouille, J. [1 ]
Dickinson, C. [63 ]
Diego, J. M. [61 ]
Donzelli, S. [47 ]
Dore, O. [12 ,62 ]
Douspis, M. [55 ]
Dupac, X. [39 ]
Efstathiou, G. [58 ]
Ensslin, T. A. [73 ]
Eriksen, K. [59 ]
机构
[1] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS IN2P3, Sorbonne Paris Cite, APC,CEA Irfu,Observatoire Paris, F-75205 Paris 13, France
[2] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Aalto 00076, Finland
[3] Aalto Univ, Dept Radio Sci & Engn, Aalto 00076, Finland
[4] African Inst Math Sci, ZA-7950 Cape Town, South Africa
[5] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Sci Data Ctr, I-00133 Rome, Italy
[6] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, I-00198 Rome, Italy
[7] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[8] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Astrophys & Cosmol Res Unit, Sch Math Stat & Comp Sci, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa
[9] ALMA Santiago Cent Off, Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, Santiago 0355, Chile
[10] Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[11] IRAP, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[12] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[13] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Computat Cosmol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 92093 USA
[14] CSIC, Madrid, Spain
[15] CEA Saclay, DSM Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
[16] Tech Univ Denmark, DTU Space, Natl Space Inst, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
[17] Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
[18] Univ Salamanca, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis Fundamental, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
[19] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain
[20] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys IMAPP, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
[21] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[22] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
[23] Univ So Calif, Dana & David Dornsife Coll Letter Arts & Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
[24] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England
[25] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA
[26] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki 00014, Finland
[27] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA
[28] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[29] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[30] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[31] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis & Sci Terra, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
[32] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[33] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, I-20133 Milan, Italy
[34] Univ Trieste, Dipartmento Fis, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
[35] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00173 Rome, Italy
[36] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
[37] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain
[38] ESO Vitacura, European So Observ, Santiago 19001, Chile
[39] European Space Agcy, ESAC, Planck Sci Off, Madrid 28692, Spain
[40] Estec, European Space Agcy, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
[41] Aalto Univ, Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
[42] INAF Osservatorio Astron Padova, I-35141 Padua, Italy
[43] INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
[44] INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
[45] INAF Ist Radioastron, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
[46] INAF IASF Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
[47] INAF IASF Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
[48] INFN, Sez Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
[49] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Sez Roma 1, INFN, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[50] INFN Natl Inst Nucl Phys, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
基金
欧洲研究理事会;
关键词
ISM: general; Galaxy: general; radiation mechanisms: general; radio continuum: ISM; submillimeter: ISM; Galaxy: disk; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; ANOMALOUS MICROWAVE EMISSION; RECOMBINATION LINE EMISSION; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; PRE-LAUNCH STATUS; RADIO-CONTINUUM EMISSION; DIFFUSE IONIZED-GAS; GAMMA-RAY EMISSION; MILKY-WAY; DARK GAS;
D O I
10.1051/0004-6361/201424434
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
Planck data when combined with ancillary data provide a unique opportunity to separate the diffuse emission components of the inner Galaxy. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the morphology of the various emission components in the strong star-formation region lying inside the solar radius and to clarify the relationship between the various components. The region of the Galactic plane covered is 1 = 300 degrees -> 0 degrees -> 60 degrees where star-formation is highest and the emission is strong enough to make meaningful component separation. The latitude widths in this longitude range lie between 1 and 2, which correspond to FWHM z-widths of 100-200 pc at a typical distance of 6 kpc. The four emission components studied here are synchrotron, free-free, anomalous microwave emission (AME), and thermal (vibrational) dust emission. These components are identified by constructing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at positions along the Galactic plane using the wide frequency coverage of Planck (28.4-857 GHz) in combination with low-frequency radio data at 0.408-2.3 GHz plus WMAP data at 23-94 GHz, along with far-infrared (FIR) data from COBE-DIRBE and IRAS. The free-free component is determined from radio recombination line (RRL) data. AME is found to be comparable in brightness to the free-free emission on the Galactic plane in the frequency range 20-40 GHz with a width in latitude similar to that of the thermal dust; it comprises 45 +/- 1% of the total 28.4 GHz emission in the longitude range 1 = 300 degrees -> 0 degrees -> 60 degrees. The free-free component is the narrowest, reflecting the fact that it is produced by current star-formation as traced by the narrow distribution of OB stars. It is the dominant emission on the plane between 60 and 100 GHz. RRLs from this ionized gas are used to assess its distance, leading to a free-free z-width of FWHM approximate to 100 pc. The narrow synchrotron component has a low-frequency brightness spectral index beta(synch) approximate to -2.7 that is similar to the broad synchrotron component indicating that they are both populated by the cosmic ray electrons of the same spectral index. The width of this narrow synchrotron component is significantly larger than that of the other three components, suggesting that it is generated in an assembly of older supernova remnants that have expanded to sizes of order 150 pc in 3 x 10(5) yr; pulsars of a similar age have a similar spread in latitude. The thermal dust is identified in the SEDs with average parameters of T-dust = 20.4 +/- 0.4 K, beta(FIR) = 1.94 +/- 0.03 (>353 GHz), and beta(mm) = 1.67 +/- 0.02 (<353 GHz). The latitude distributions of gamma-rays, CO, and the emission in high-frequency Planck bands have similar widths, showing that they are all indicators of the total gaseous matter on the plane in the inner Galaxy.
引用
收藏
页数:27
相关论文
共 170 条
[1]   Planck early results. XV. Spectral energy distributions and radio continuum spectra of northern extragalactic radio sources [J].
Aatrokoski, J. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Aller, H. D. ;
Aller, M. F. ;
Angelakis, E. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Berdyugin, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bonavera, L. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Burrows, D. N. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Capalbi, M. ;
Cappellini, B. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chary, R. -R. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colafrancesco, S. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Cutini, S. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[2]   FERMI-LAT STUDY OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE DIRECTION OF SUPERNOVA REMNANT W49B [J].
Abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bouvier, A. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Buehler, R. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, Oe ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Dermer, C. D. ;
de Palma, F. ;
Digel, S. W. ;
do Couto e Silva, E. ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Dumora, D. ;
Favuzzi, C. ;
Funk, S. ;
Fusco, P. ;
Gargano, F. ;
Gehrels, N. ;
Giglietto, N. ;
Giordano, F. ;
Giroletti, M. ;
Glanzman, T. ;
Godfrey, G. ;
Grenier, I. A. ;
Grondin, M-H. ;
Grove, J. E. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2010, 722 (02) :1303-1311
[3]   Spectrum of the Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission Derived from First-Year Fermi Large Area Telescope Data [J].
abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Atwood, W. B. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Baughman, B. M. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Burnett, T. H. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, Oe ;
Charles, E. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Cominsky, L. R. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Cutini, S. ;
Dermer, C. D. ;
de Angelis, A. ;
de Palma, F. ;
Digel, S. W. ;
Di Bernardo, G. ;
do Couto e Silva, E. ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Drlica-Wagner, A. ;
Dubois, R. ;
Dumora, D. ;
Farnier, C. .
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2010, 104 (10)
[4]   FERMI-LAT DISCOVERY OF GeV GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE YOUNG SUPERNOVA REMNANT CASSIOPEIA A [J].
Abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Allafort, A. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Baring, M. G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Baughman, B. M. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Buehler, R. ;
Burnett, T. H. ;
Busetto, G. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, Oe. ;
Charles, E. ;
Chaty, S. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Cillis, A. N. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Corbel, S. ;
de Palma, F. ;
Digel, S. W. ;
Dormody, M. ;
do Couto e Silva, E. ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Dubois, R. ;
Dumora, D. ;
Edmonds, Y. ;
Farnier, C. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2010, 710 (01) :L92-L97
[5]   FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRAB PULSAR AND NEBULA [J].
Abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Atwood, W. B. ;
Axelsson, M. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Baring, M. G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Burnett, T. H. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Camilo, F. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, Oe. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cognard, I. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Cominsky, L. R. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Dermer, C. D. ;
de Angelis, A. ;
de Luca, A. ;
de Palma, F. ;
Digel, S. W. ;
Silva, E. do Couto e ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Dubois, R. ;
Dumora, D. ;
Espinoza, C. ;
Farnier, C. ;
Favuzzi, C. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2010, 708 (02) :1254-1267
[6]   Planck 2013 results. XI. All-sky model of thermal dust emission [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Alves, M. I. R. ;
Aniano, G. ;
Armitage-Caplan, C. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Atrio-Barandela, F. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Benoit-Levy, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bielewicz, P. ;
Bobin, J. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bridges, M. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Butler, R. C. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chary, R. -R. ;
Chiang, H. C. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Church, S. ;
Clemens, M. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Colombo, L. P. L. ;
Combet, C. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Curto, A. ;
Cuttaia, F. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2014, 571
[7]   Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y. ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. ;
Delouis, J. -M. ;
Desert, F. -X. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[8]   Planck early results. XXIV. Dust in the diffuse interstellar medium and the Galactic halo [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Blagrave, K. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cantalupo, C. M. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[9]   THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON ORBIT: EVENT CLASSIFICATION, INSTRUMENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS, AND CALIBRATION [J].
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Albert, A. ;
Allafort, A. ;
Atwood, W. B. ;
Axelsson, M. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Bissaldi, E. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bogart, J. R. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bottacini, E. ;
Bouvier, A. ;
Brandt, T. J. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Buehler, R. ;
Burnett, T. H. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, O. ;
Charles, E. ;
Chaves, R. C. G. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Corbet, R. ;
Cutini, S. ;
D'Ammando, F. ;
Davis, D. S. ;
de Angelis, A. ;
DeKlotz, M. ;
de Palma, F. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2012, 203 (01)
[10]   CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADIENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM FERMI γ-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT [J].
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Brandt, T. J. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Buehler, R. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Charles, E. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Dermer, C. D. ;
de Palma, F. ;
Digel, S. W. ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Dubois, R. ;
Favuzzi, C. ;
Ferrara, E. C. ;
Focke, W. B. ;
Fukazawa, Y. ;
Funk, S. ;
Fusco, P. ;
Gargano, F. ;
Germani, S. ;
Giglietto, N. ;
Giordano, F. ;
Giroletti, M. ;
Glanzman, T. ;
Godfrey, G. ;
Grenier, I. A. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 726 (02)